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| FCC reactor design: part II |
Warren Letzsch, Chris Santner and Steve Tragesser, Shaw Energy & Chemicals Group
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2009 / Q1 |
In part I, reaction kinetics, cracking chemistry, pressure balance, catalyst andvapour residence times, and fluidisation were considered. In part II, feed injection technology and riser termination devices to minimise dilute-phase cracking are reviewed.
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| Stabilisation of asphaltenes |
Berthold Otzisk and Hermann Kempen, Kurita Europe
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2009 / Q1 |
Asphaltenes can plug refinery equiment and can decrease or stop production. Stabilisation of asphaltene particles is an efficient and cost-effective way to avoid undesired asphaltene agglomeration or precipitation.
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| Maximising diesel recovery from crude |
Scott W Golden, Process Consulting Services Inc
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2009 / Q1 |
The CDU/VDU process flow scheme is reviewed, including equipment design and operating fundamentals used to maximise straight-run diesel recovery. Factors important to increasing diesel yield are discussed in detail.
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| Online cleaning improves operational excellence |
Marcello Ferrara, ITW
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2009 / Q1 |
Online cleaning, followed by degassing and decontamination, can result in a significant reduction in downtime, increased run length, operation under cleaner conditions and potential avoidance of a turnaround, leading to an increase in production.
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| Increasing FCC yields with oxygen enrichment |
Jack Olesen, Praxair
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2009 / Q1 |
With the demand for diesel increasing faster than that for gasoline and other refined products, an increase in FCC distillate yield can provide a low-cost route to capturing margins opportunities. Oxygen enrichment can help to achieve these goals.
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| New roles for FCCU: carbon capture unit and coke gasifier |
Erich J Mace, Adrienne M Blume and Thomas W Yeung, Hydrocarbon Publishing Company
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2009 / Q1 |
Environmental and energy security concerns may evoke new roles for the FCCU in addition to the production of liquid fuels and light olefins. Gasification and carbon capture are two such possiblities.
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| Oil sands industry status |
Tony Pavone, SRI Consulting
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2009 / Q1 |
The steady progress made in the oil sands industry up to Q3 2008 will eventually resume. For now, an examination of the favourable market conditions and upgrading scenarios that are required for future profitability are presented.
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| Beyond turnaround planning |
Brian Cormier, Resource Development Company Charles F Gillard, C F Gillard and Asscoociates
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2009 / Q1 |
Utilising process and unit-specific knowledge transfer to improvide turnaround execution. A better approach is needed to ensure the transfer of critical event information to an experience and discipline-diverse workforce.
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| Improving VGO hydrotreater operation |
Darius Remesat, Koch-Glitsch Canada
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2009 / Q1 |
A practical, industrial data-derived tool can give refinerys confidence in simulating the actual benefits of additional hydrogen for improved VGO hydrotreater performance. A lumped parameter dynamic simulation modelling approach is employed.
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| Clean diesel hydrotreating |
Ed Palmer, Stan Polcar and Anne Wong, Mustang Engineering
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2009 / Q1 |
Design considerations for clean diesel hydrotreating. Critical issues are discussed when designing a hydrotreating facility to produce diesel fuel with very low levels of total sulphur.
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| Pygas upgrading for European steam crackers |
Joseph C Gentry and Meijuan Zeng, GTC Technology
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2009 / Q1 |
Upgrading secondary by-products from naphtha-based steam crackers is an economic imperative that should take into consideration available process options such as extractive distillation to recover styrene from pygas.
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| Control of primary fractionator fouling |
Bob Presenti, Dan Frye and Sandra Linares-Samaniego, Nalco Company
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2009 / Q1 |
Optimal operation and chemical treatment of primary fractionators requires an in-depth knowledge of many parameters. A combination of analytical tools and benchmarking information can help predict fouling severity.
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| Reducing FCC regenerator emissions |
Chris Kuehler, Pieter van de Gender and Subramani Ramachandran, Albemarle Corporation
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2009 / Q1 |
There are several ways of meeting emission limits, but SOx and NOx reduction additives are very attractive as they require little or no capital investment and have reasonable operating costs, resulting in an overall lower cost than a WGS or SCR.
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| SO2 scrubbing in refinery applications |
Rich W Birnbaum, Cansolv Technologies
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2009 / Q1 |
Emissions control and by-product capture can add value from flue gas streams generated by FCCU, process heaters, sulphur plants and spent acid regeneration units. Process flow sheet information and utility consumption guidelines are presented for an SO2 scrubbing system.
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