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| FCC and visbreaker integration to improve bottom conversion |
D Bhattacharyya, S Mandal, S K Das, N S Raman, A K Das, S K Shah, B S Rawat, S Makhija, S Ghosh, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd |
1998 / Q4 |
It is impossible to enhance the overall conversion of heavy petroleum residues in the refinery by integrating the visbreaker with FCC/hydrocracker. The integration involves the separation of heavy gasoil/vacuum gasoil cut from visbroken residue and processing in the FCC/hydroracker.
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| Fluidised bed coking - utilising bottom of the barrel |
D S McCaffrey, D G Hammond, V R Patel, Exxon Research and Engineering Company |
1998 / Q4 |
Recent economic studies have indicated that Fluidised Bed Coking could be an attractive option for maximising use of the bottom of the barrel. It is described as a continuous and relatively low cost thermal conversion process.
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| Recovery of olefins from refinery offgases |
Margaret M Shreehan, ABB Lummus Global Inc |
1998 / Q4 |
Low pressure recovery of refinery offgases is discussed in this article, describing the Lummus process which eliminates the multi-stage feed gas compressor yet maintains over 90 per cent recovery of ethylene while cutting capital cost and reducing energy consumption.
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| Tapping capacity potentials for residue FCC |
Tsing Wu, Zhenhai Refining & Chemical Co Ltd |
1998 / Q4 |
An innovative approach to eliminate bottlenecks on a residue FCC unit has resulted in much-increased tapping capacity. The fluidisation quality and catalysis circulation after the revamp, together with the technical transformation and an economic analysis, are discussed in this article.
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| Sulphuric acid recovery from sulpurous waste streams |
Ole Rud Bendixen, Haldor Topsoe A/S |
1998 / Q4 |
The WSA process is a catalytic system for producing concentrated sulphuric acid from any sulphur-containing offgas, without the use of chemicals. Among its uses in refineries has been treatment of hydrotreater sour gases and onsite regeneration of spent sulphuric acid from alkylation.
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| Results from an ex-situ presulphiding process |
Daniel J Neuman, Hans Klaver, Brunu, Laakmann, Wolfgang, Schnabel, G Karl Simper, TRICAT |
1998 / Q4 |
Commercial tests have been completed on a system which presulphides hydroprocessing catalyst before it is loaded. XpresS-treated catalyst is loaded in air into the hydroprocessing unit. Startup is simplified, and results show the presulphided catalyst is as active as those sulphided in-situ.
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| Thermal use of residues in a combined heat and power plant |
Werner Auel, Wolfgang Benesch, Hannes Reichel, Lurgi Lentjes Service GmbH |
1998 / Q4 |
The major Leuna refinery complex in Germany is now drawing its energy from a heat and power plant specially built for the purpose. The authors describe features of its design and experience gained in its operation.
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| Practical considerations for crude unit revamps |
Tony Barletta, Process Consulting Services Inc |
1998 / Q4 |
Two examples are used in this article to illustrate how changes in the process flow scheme can increase preheat train heat recovery. While each refinery's crude unit design, operation and equipment constraints differ, a practical approach can be applied to any crude unit revamp.
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| Making the right choice in packaged steam generators |
V Ganapathy, ABCO Industries Inc |
1998 / Q4 |
This article outlines some of the recent developments in design and construction of packaged steam generators, which have the combined advantages of lower operating costs and reduced emissions of pollutants such as NOx and CO.
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| Direct amine heating - a case study |
Joanne Booth, Foster Wheeler Energy Ltd |
1998 / Q4 |
Indirect heating of amine has been the traditional method in order to minimise the risk of overheating. Two amine waste heat reboilers, which heat amine directly, have been supplied to Tunisia by Foster Wheeler. They incorporate a number of features to ensure uniform heating, based on a flow model study.
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| Revamping vacuum heaters |
Ashutosh Garg, Furnace Improvements |
1998 / Q4 |
With crudes becoming heavier, a number of refineries are carrying out deep cut revamps to improve cutpoint. In most cases vacuum heaters can be revamped to handle increased capacity, with the bonus of improved efficiency and longer life.
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| Gas phase polyethylene: process developments |
David Newton, Jean-Claude Chinh, Michael Godfrey, John Steedman, BP Chemicals. |
1998 / Q4 |
Since its discovery in 1933 the history of polyethylene (PE) has been one of continuous development in areas such as products, process and catalysis. These developments continue today as new product applications are sought in an ever-growing marketplace.
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| Integrating technologies for para-xylene production |
Christian Dupraz, IFP Industrial Division
Maria D Farnos, Mobil Technology Company |
1998 / Q4 |
Some of the new technologies associated with para-xylene production are discussed in this article, particularly developments that have overcome previous limitations to productive capacity.
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| Improved process integration through hydrogen recovery |
Petru Bozga, Emil Olanescu, Dinu Timpoc, SC Fibrex SA
Renzo Coletti, Gaetano Iaquaniello, Francesco Vinci, Kinetics Technology Int SpA |
1998 / Q4 |
The authors describe the upgrading of a purge gas stream from an acetylene production unit to pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Both products were routed back into the main process in the chemical complex, achieving a better process integration and reducing the amount of wastes generated.
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